冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变介入治疗2017
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第四节 慢性闭塞病变介入治疗的意义

CTO病变介入治疗的获益至今仍存在一些争议。一方面,很多回顾性研究显示,CTO病变成功介入治疗后,可显著减轻患者的心绞痛症状,提高生活质量,改善心功能,减少冠脉搭桥手术,促进完全血运重建。另一方面,CTO治疗在硬终点,如降低病死率方面在很长一段时间内一直缺乏前瞻性研究证据,而CTO介入治疗本身的复杂性则可能增加手术风险,较低的成功率更为手术获益带来了不确定性。随着CTO介入治疗水平的提高,CTO病变的开通成功率逐年上升,近年来,以DECISION-CTO、EURO-CTO为代表的RCT结果的公布也为CTO介入治疗意义带来了新的证据。

一、较为明确的CTO治疗获益

(一)减少心绞痛症状,提高生活质量

对于CTO病变,常见的一个误区是认为若CTO病变远端已有良好侧支循环,则受血区域的心肌已无缺血,这种观点忽视了侧支血供往往显著弱于原位血管,从而导致心肌缺血。生理研究提示,即使对于具有良好侧支的CTO病变,在CTO开通前后其侧支内的压力仍有显著变化;而对于提供侧支的供血血管而言,若同时存在病变,则CTO开通后供血血管的FFR亦可显著上升,提示多数CTO病变其远段血管床供血区域存在缺血。临床研究亦证实了该点,Olivari报道,与成功进行PCI的CTO患者相比,PCI失败的CTO患者其心绞痛的比例明显高于前者(88.7%比75.0%,P=0.008),运动平板试验阴性的比例更低(73.0%比46.7%,P<0.0001)。2010年Joyal对CTO病变PCI治疗的meta分析结果显示,共6项研究报道了PCI术后再发心绞痛,CTO病变再通后复发心绞痛的比例可下降55%(OR 0.45,95%CI 0.30~0.67)。前瞻性研究PRISON Ⅱ研究表明,CTO病变行PCI治疗金属裸支架(BMS)或药物洗脱支架(DES)6个月随访时,CCS心绞痛≥3级患者从术前占比62%下降至术后25%,BMS和DES之间无差异;GISSOC-Ⅱ GISE研究中2年随访发现,DES治疗CTO病变的患者心绞痛比例较BMS更低(15.1%比32.1%,P=0.01)。由此可见,CTO病变PCI治疗可改善患者心绞痛症状,增加其活动耐量,且DES较BMS更有优势。以生活质量为主要终点的FACTOR研究亦显示出成功进行CTO开通的患者具有更高的生活质量。

(二)改善心功能

已有研究显示,CTO病变开通5~6个月后可改善左室壁运动,提高左室射血分数(LVEF),降低左室舒张末容积。总体而言,CTO病变开通后心脏超声显示的LVEF提升幅度并不大,只在5%左右,但在既往CTO血管开通前无心肌梗死或已存在左室功能受损的患者则受益更为明显。CTO病变再通后左心室功能改善与梗死透壁程度(transmural extent of infarction,TEI)相关,Baks研究发现:TEI<25%的CTO患者中,成功进行CTO开通后局部室壁增厚(segmental wall thickening,SWT)明显增加;TEI>75%的患者中,SWT不增加。Kirschbaum等报道了在TEI<25%的CTO患者中,CTO开通术后5个月和3年随访时SWT明显增加。因此,无论超声的LVEF还是MRI的SWT作为评价方法,均可见CTO病变PCI后左心室功能得到改善,其改善的程度与幅度受靶血管区域存活心肌及梗死透壁程度影响。

(三)减少冠脉搭桥及促进完全血运重建

早期CTO病变的存在是进行冠状动脉搭桥术(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)手术的独立预测因素。与成功进行PCI的CTO患者相比较,尝试PCI治疗失败的患者在未来1~5年期间需要接受CABG的风险升高2~6倍。同时成功的PCI也可成为其他血管潜在的侧支血液供应来源,增强对未来冠脉事件的耐受力。Hoye等对1992—2002年874例CTO患者行PCI进行了回顾性研究,CTO病变开通成功率为65.1%,PCI成功组CABG需要率明显低于PCI失败组(12.5%比38.5%,P<0.001)。Jones等报道CTO患者行PCI 成功者相较于失败者,靶血管重建率明显降低(11.5%比22.1%,P<0.0001),且再次CABG的比例更低(3.1%比22.1%,P<0.0001)。由此可见,成功进行PCI的CTO患者,可以减少CABG手术的需要。

另一方面,CTO患者接受CABG手术通常是为了获得完全血运重建(complete revascularization,CR)。近期一项纳入了35项研究共计近9000例患者的meta分析显示,完全血运重建不论使用PCI还是CABG,均可显著降低患者远期病死率及再发心梗率。SYNTAX研究显示,CTO病变是PCI组部分血运重建(incomplete revascularization,IR)的独立预测因子,且剩余SYNTAX积分(residual SYNTAX score,rSS)与远期预后相关,rSS>8分者在PCI亚组中5年全因病死率达到35.3%,而CTO病变介入失败在rSS>8分的患者中占到50.7%,提示CTO病变是IR的独立预测因素,且可能影响远期预后。在多支血管病变患者中,CABG更多地作为首选治疗方式,以完成CR。然而对于CTO病变,远端血管往往因缺血而致血管萎缩或负性重构,或因存在弥漫病变,使外科术者难以进行搭桥操作。在PRAGUE-4研究中,前降支CTO搭桥术后1年的再通率在100%,但右冠或回旋支仅有23%。在SYNTAX研究中,543例具有至少一个CTO病变的患者中266例被分配至CABG组,但最终32%的CTO病变血管未接受桥血管再灌注。可见,CTO病变虽然是进行CABG的独立预测因素,但同时CABG对CTO血管的血运重建比率较低,PCI可能在这方面具有优势。当前对于一些经验丰富的中心,CTO行PCI开通的成功率已接近常规PCI。

二、存在争议的CTO治疗获益

(一)降低病死率

以往对于CTO开通是否可降低包括死亡在内的硬终点,一直无前瞻性随机对照研究证实,数据多为观察性或回顾性研究的结果。已有至少4项荟萃分析的结果提示CTO病变开通与降低病死率相关,同时可能降低MACE事件、心肌梗死发生率(表1-1)。英国一项对超过14 000例CTO进行PCI的患者的数据库回顾性分析显示,成功进行CTO介入治疗可提高患者的生存率(HR 0.72,95%CI 0.62~0.83,P<0.001),且进行完全血运重建的患者获益最大。另一方面,一些回顾性研究也提示,与单纯药物治疗相比,CTO介入治疗并未提高患者的远期生存率。Drozd等报道459例CTO病变患者PCI后平均随访30个月的结果,与PCI失败者相比,其长期生存率并无明显改善(97.5%vs 97.3%,P=NS)。前瞻性随机对照研究对于CTO病变开通的获益有望提供答案。

表1-1 CTO病变开通与降低病死率的荟萃分析结果

EXPLORE研究是第一个有关CTO介入治疗的前瞻性研究,旨在明确STEMI患者在接受直接PCI后1周内对非梗死相关血管(Non-IRA)的CTO病变行血运重建是否会增加随访4个月时左室射血分数(LVEF)并降低舒张末容积(LVEDV),并拟临床随访5年。目前公布的4个月随访结果显示,共纳入302例患者,其中仅急诊处理IRA组154例,1周内择期处理Non-IRA CTO组148例,随访4个月后MRI评估LVEF及左室舒张末容积LVEDV结果显示两组间并无显著差异,但亚组分析显示对于前降支CTO来说,二次处理CTO组4个月后LVEF及LVEDV均显著高于对照组。2017年美国心脏病学院(ACC)年会公布的DECISION-CTO是全球第一项关于开通CTO病变获益的随机对照试验。该试验是一项多中心、开放标签、随机对照试验,为非劣效性设计,旨在对比优化药物治疗(OMT)与OMT联合PCI开通CTO病变对患者临床结局的影响。主要复合终点为3年主要不良心血管事件(MACE),包括全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中和再次血运重建。研究共纳入了834名CTO患者,结果显示,在主要终点上OMT不劣于OMT联合PCI治疗CTO病变[意向性数据集分析(intention-to-treat analysis,ITT)]。该研究引起了业内广泛讨论,原因在于研究的入组时间跨度较大,设计由原先的优效性研究改为了非劣效性,研究提前结束造成了样本量未达原先设计,患者入组后有较多的比例实际接受了对照组的治疗方案(OMT组72名患者接受了PCI治疗,PCI组29名患者接受了OMT治疗)。遵循研究方案分析(per-protocol,PP)和接受干预措施分析(as treated analysis,AT)则显示OMT组3年MACE事件发生率绝对值高于OMT联合PCI组,未达到非劣效性检验标准,不能说明OMT治疗不劣于OMT联合PCI。同年EUOR-PCI会议上公布的EURO-CTO研究是第二个有关OMT与PCI对照的CTO研究。该研究纳入了407例>2.5mm心外膜冠脉存在CTO病变、有心绞痛症状且CTO病变冠脉所支配区域存在缺血或心肌存活证据的冠心病患者,按2:1随机比较了联合PCI和OMT与单纯OMT在改善患者健康状况(12个月)及全因死亡和非致命性心梗复合终点(3年)上的非劣效性。12个月终点显示,任何不良事件在PCI组发生率为5.2%(n=13),而OMT组为6.7%(n=9),两组无统计学差异(P=0.52)。PCI组在生活质量、心绞痛发作、体力活动方面显著优于OMT组。

(二)提高心肌电稳定性

目前认为CTO血管区心肌细胞处于缺血缺氧状态,其电活动不稳定,影响到心肌的除极和复极,使心脏冲动的发放和传导出现异常,PCI开通CTO病变将增加其血供,改善心肌细胞的代谢,使其电活动趋于稳定,减少心律失常的发生。临床上这方面的证据仍十分有限。一项缺血性心肌病患者植入ICD一级预防的观察研究显示,CTO病变与ICD放电事件相关(HR 3.5,95%CI 1.5~8.3,P=0.003)。另一项在冠心病患者中的ICD植入二级预防研究显示CTO病变与ICD放电显著相关,与LVEF共同成为ICD放电的独立预测因子。提示CTO病变开通可能可以增加心肌电活动稳定性,降低室性心律失常事件发生率。

综上所述,慢性闭塞病变行冠状动脉介入治疗后将减轻患者心绞痛症状、增加患者活动能力、改善患者心功能、减少搭桥手术、提高完全血运重建的比率,在此基础上可能可以提高生存率和稳定心肌细胞电活动。在死亡等硬终点上,已有临床证据提示CTO介入治疗倾向于可改善硬终点的发生,但仍存在一些争议,有待进一步RCT研究来证实。

(葛均波)

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